Evidence of hybridisation between the common Indonesian banded pig ( Sus scrofa vitattus ) and the endangered Java warty
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Evidence of hybridisation between the common Indonesian banded pig (Sus scrofa vitattus) and the endangered Java warty pig (Sus verrucosus) Frank Drygala1 · Johanna Rode‑Margono2 · Gono Semiadi3 · Wirdateti3 · Alain C. Frantz1 Received: 10 February 2020 / Accepted: 13 August 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Due to hybridisation and breakdown of reproduction barriers the Java warty pig an endangered suid endemic to Java, may be assimilated into the gene pools of the more common Indonesian banded pig and become extinct. Here, we aimed to detect introgressive hybridisation between both suids by microsatellite genotyping warty pigs from two captive populations and from the wild, as well as a banded pig population. While all but one captive individual were genetically pure, we showed, in contrast to a previous survey based on skull measurements, that five wild-born warty pigs in West Java were hybrids. Moreover, we detected four F2 hybrids in the wild warty pig population (qrange 0.15–0.99) and one F2 hybrid in the wild banded pig population (q = 0.25), confirming reproductive fertility for F1 hybrids. Our results highlight the potential risk of extinction through hybridization and genetic swamping of the endangered warty pig. Keywords Indonesian suids · Hybridization · Introgression · Microsatellites · Genetic swamping
Introduction Due to hybridisation and breakdown of reproduction barriers, rare species with fragmented distribution may be assimilated into large gene pools of common species and become extinct (Roberts et al. 2010). The Javan warty pig (Sus verrucosus) is endemic to Java, threatened by habitat destruction and hunting (Semiadi and Meijaard 2007) and listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List (Semiadi et al. 2016). In contrast, the Indonesian banded pig (Sus scrofa vitattus) is common and widely distributed on mainland Southeast Asia and the Greater Sunda Islands such as Java (Groves 2008). While both suids differ in their phenotypic characteristics (body size, presence/absence of warts, pelage colouration, and the shape of the male’s lower canine; * Frank Drygala [email protected] 1
Musée National D’Histoire Naturelle, 25, rue Munster, L‑2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
2
The North of England Zoological Society / Chester Zoo, Chester, UK
3
Research Center for Biology -Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
Groves 1981; Blouch and Groves 1990), differences in their karyotype confirm that they are separate species (Bosma et al. 1991). Furthermore, by using whole genome sequencing, Frantz et al. (2013a, b) found a clear split between the Java warty pig and Sus scrofa, concluding that the warty pig represented a distinct lineage and an evolutionarily significant unit that deserves specific conservation strategies. However, based on morphological measurements, natural hybridization between the warty pig and the banded pig has been reported in the wild (Blouch and Groves 1990; Semiadi and Nugraha 2009). The present study aims to investigate introg
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