Macro-Glycoligands Methods and Protocols
This volume details methods and protocols for the synthesis and characterization of glycopolymers and their biomedical applications. Chapters are divided into three parts covering synthesis and characterization of glycopolymers; glycopolymer-nanoparticle
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Xue-Long Sun Editor
MacroGlycoligands Methods and Protocols
METHODS
IN
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7651
Macro-Glycoligands Methods and Protocols
Edited by
Xue-Long Sun Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Editor Xue-Long Sun Cleveland State University Cleveland, OH, USA
ISSN 1064-3745 ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic) Methods in Molecular Biology ISBN 978-1-4939-3129-3 ISBN 978-1-4939-3130-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-3130-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015951795 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is a brand of Springer Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface Carbohydrate recognition is a crucial event in many biological processes, such as cell-cell signaling, immune recognition events, pathogen/host interactions, tumor metastasis, tissue growth and repair, etc. Therefore, carbohydrate recognition has come to the forefront of biological scientific research aiming to uncover the molecular mechanisms of many physiological and pathological processes and discover potential therapeutic targets or diagnostic mechanisms for various diseases. Cell surface carbohydrates, existing as glycoproteins, glycolipids, or proteoglycans, are often involved in these biological processes. Consequently, reconstitution of cell surface carbohydrate epitopes to mimic authentic compositions and presentations has become the key research in either studying carbohydrate recognition or developing therapeutic and diagnostic tools. It has been known that multivalent interactions facilitate both specificity and affinity in carbohydrate–protein interactions, referred to as the “cluster gly
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