Influence of photodegradation on the removal of color and phenolic compounds from palm oil mill effluent by Arthrospira
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Influence of photodegradation on the removal of color and phenolic compounds from palm oil mill effluent by Arthrospira platensis M. M. Azimatun Nur 1,2
&
G. M. Garcia 1 & P. Boelen 1 & Anita G. J. Buma 1
Received: 21 March 2020 / Revised and accepted: 22 November 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Palm oil mill effluent (POME) released from conventional treatment systems poses severe environmental problems due to its dark color, its high chemical oxygen demand (COD), and high content of phenolic compounds. However, the possible biodegradation of phenolic compounds and color by microalgae was not well explored. This research aimed to reveal optimal conditions for pollutant removal through biodegradation by the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis. This species was grown under a range of POME fractions and environmental conditions (irradiance, salinity, nutrients) during which growth, final biomass, color, COD, and phenolic compound levels were followed. POME fractions influenced A. platensis growth rate, final biomass, COD, and color removal. The optimization of phenolic compound removal by using central composite design (CCD) response surface methodology (RSM) showed that low light and high initial phenolic compounds promoted the activity of A. platensis to degrade phenolic compounds. The combination of high initial phenolic compounds and high light intensity increased the growth rate up to 0.45 days−1 and final biomass up to 400 mg L−1, while total phenolic compounds were almost completely (94%) removed. Finally, this study showed that phenolic compounds and color degradation from POME were dominated by the activity of photodegradation at high irradiance, while the activity of A. platensis dominated at low light intensity. Keywords Biodegradation . POME . Arthrospira platensis . Phenolic compounds . Color
Introduction Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer in the world. About 600–870 kg of palm oil mill effluent is generated when processing a tonne of fresh palm fruits. Direct discharge of untreated POME into aquatic environments may cause problems. When POME is released from the palm oil mills, its characteristics are the following: temperature ranges between 70 and 80 °C, pH is low (between 4 and 5), it is highly colloidal, it has high chemical and biological oxygen demand, and a high concentration of phenolic compounds which give it a particular deep reddish to
* M. M. Azimatun Nur [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Ocean Ecosystems, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
2
Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran”, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
brown color (Chaijak et al. 2017). Regulatory standards for POME aim to reduce the wastewater discharges taking chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) as key parameters. However, after reaching regulatory standard parameters, the effluent still has a strong smell, high levels of phenolic compounds, and a dark c
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