Persistence of the antifungal capacity of a fraction of Jacquinia macrocarpa plant against Fusarium verticillioides afte
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Persistence of the antifungal capacity of a fraction of Jacquinia macrocarpa plant against Fusarium verticillioides after continuous exposure Iliana Jacqueline Mun˜oz-Ochoa1 • Maribel Plascencia-Jatomea1 • Francisco Javier Cinco-Moroyoqui1 • Daniel Fernando Valenzuela-Cota1 Mario Onofre Cortez-Rocha1 • Marı´a Alba Guadalupe Corella-Maduen˜o2 Ema Carina Rosas-Burgos1
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Received: 8 March 2020 / Accepted: 13 May 2020 Ó Association of Microbiologists of India 2020
Abstract This study aimed to determine the ability of Fusarium verticillioides in developing mechanisms to counteract the antifungal effect of a fraction from Jacquinia macrocarpa plant extract (JmAF), as well as the morphological and physiological changes that occur during its exposure. The fungus was exposed to JmAF during consecutive periods. A culture sample was taken weekly to determine radial growth, spore germination and size, and fungal b-1,3-glucanase activity. The results showed that, in the beginning, the radial growth decreased by 85.8%, and spore germination was delayed. As the exposure continued, the fungus showed a recovery, to some extent, in its original characteristics. However, the radial growth of the fungus continued to be inhibited (42.9%) throughout the experiment (7 weeks). The b-1,3-glucanase activity also was inhibited by 36.4% during the first week of exposure to JmAF. However, the activity was recovered after 7 weeks of exposure. Keywords Fungal resistance Natural antifungal Phytopathogenic fungus Fungal maize control
& Ema Carina Rosas-Burgos [email protected] 1
Departamento de Investigacio´n y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
2
Departamento de Ciencias Quı´mico Biolo´gicas, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
Introduction Fusarium verticillioides is a phytopathogenic fungus frequently associated with contamination of the corn crop, which causes economic losses and health problems in animals and humans. Fumonisins are some of the toxins produced by this species of fungus, among which fumonisin B1 is the cause of diseases such as equine leukoencephalomalacia, porcine pulmonary edema, as well as human birth defects. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) recognizes it as a possible carcinogen for humans [1, 2]. Synthetic antifungals are commonly used to fight phytopathogenic fungi. However, it is well known that the side effects of these products cause great damage to the environment and, consequently, to the organisms within those habitats, including humans [3, 4]. Besides, fungi often acquire resistance to these synthetic products [5, 6]. Some alternative natural sources to the use of synthetic antifungals have been studied, among which are plants, since it is assumed that, in general, plant extracts are more acceptable and less dangerous than synthetic compounds, constituting a potential alternative in establishing methodologies for the control of p
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