Karlodinium elegans sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a novel species isolated from the East China Sea in a dinofla
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Karlodinium elegans sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a novel species isolated from the East China Sea in a dinoflagellate bloom* CEN Jingyi1, 5, WANG Jianyan3, **, HUANG Lifen1, 5, LIN Yarou1, 5, DING Guangmao4, QI Yuzao1, 5, LÜ Songhui1, 2, 5, ** 1
Research Center of Harmful Algae and Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
2
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519000, China
3
Department of Science Research, Beijing Museum of Natural History, Beijing 100050, China
4
Fujian Fishery Resources Monitoring Center, Fuzhou 350003, China
5
Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
Received Jun. 8, 2020; accepted in principle Jul. 25, 2020; accepted for publication Aug. 25, 2020 © Chinese Society for Oceanology and Limnology, Science Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract On May 24–29, 2019, a harmful algal bloom occurred in Pingtan coastal areas, Fujian, southeast China, and caused mass mortality of cage-cultured fish. Two clonal cultures of an unknown naked dinoflagellate were set up from seawater samples taken during the bloom. The cultures were examined for morphological features, ultrastructure characters, photosynthetic pigments, the large subunit (LSU) of the rRNA gene, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, as well as acute toxicity analysis. The cell was unarmored, small-sized, and ovoid, and was characterized by elaborate striations on the epicone and hypocone. The nucleus was large, ellipsoid to oval or kidney-shaped, and centrally located in the cell. A long linear apical groove originated above the sulcus in the ventral epicone and extended to the dorsal side. An elongate, slit-like “ventral pore” was located on the left of the epicone, well away from the apical groove. The chloroplasts were yellowish brown, numerous, band like, and irregularly distributed in the cell periphery. Fucoxanthin was the main accessory pigment composition. Phylogeny topology reconstructed on partial LSU rDNA showed that the unknown dinoflagellate branched as a sister species to Karlodinium sp. (strain IFR981 & IFR797, from France) and Karlodinium corrugatum (strain KDGSO08, from Australia), with genetic divergences of 0.6% and 3.3%, respectively. Based on the morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis, we describe the novel dinoflagellate as Karlodinium elegans sp. nov. A toxicity assay revealed that the clonal culture of K. elegans (strain PTB601) had no adverse effect on brine shrimp (Artemia salina) and marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma), indicating it may not be a toxic species. Keyword: Karlodinium; Kareniaceae; harmful algal bloom; toxicity; dinoflagellate
1 INTRODUCTION The genus Karlodinium belongs to the family Kareniaceae, and was established by Daugbjerg in 2000 based on a comprehensive analysis of morphological characteristics, phylogenetic data, and photosynthetic pigment composition (Daugbjerg et al.,
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